Corrosion resistant steels

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a corrosion resistant high strength steel, which has a ferritic/austenitic microstructure consisting of 40 to 60% austenite grains embedded in a ferrite matrix being substantially free of precipitated particles of other phases, the steel consisting of the following elements in proportion by weight: 
     
         ______________________________________                                    
 
    
     Chromium       26.5% - 30% by weight                                      
Nickel         7.4% - 14%  by weight                                      
Molybdenum     2.0% -  5%  by weight                                      
Copper         0.5% -  5%  by weight                                      
Silicon        0.2% -  2%  by weight                                      
Manganese      0.2% -  4%  by weight                                      
Carbon         0.01% -  0.1%                                              
                           by weight                                      
Nitrogen       0.1% -  0.3%                                               
                           by weight                                      
Iron           Balance or remainder                                       
______________________________________

This application is a continuation-in-part of our earlier application Ser. No. 625,849 filed Oct. 28, 1975, now abandoned, and relates to corrosion resistant steels.

British patent specification No. 1,158,614 describes an austenitic/ferritic stainless steel of high strength and possessing an excellent resistance to corrosion in many environments, particularly sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, sea-water and many other chloride containing substances. The steel defined in specification No. 1,158,614 included 23% to 30% chromium and 4% to 7% nickel.

However, it has now been established that the alloy there described may suffer corrosion in particularly severe conditions, particularly in high concentrations of sulphuric acid at elevated temperatures or in other similar non-oxidizing environments.

The object of this invention is to develop a stainless steel, particularly for production in the form of castings, which possesses an improved corrosion resistance in such non-oxidizing strongly acidic conditions, whilst maintaining the excellent corrosion resistance of the alloy described in British patent specification No. 1,158,614, to oxidizing conditions and to chloride containing environments.

By increasing the nickel content in excess of 7% (by weight), the maximum prescribed for the nickel content in the alloys described in British patent specification No. 1,158,614, improved resistance to corrosion in 70% sulphuric acid at 60° C. is achieved. The effect of additions of more than 7% nickel is shown in Table I.

The composition of the alloys listed in Table I is given below in Table XII, and it will be seen that, apart from the nickel content, the other constituents of the alloy are present in generally similar proportions in each alloy example, and all examples contained less than 26% chromium.

                  TABLE I                                                          ______________________________________                                         70% H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 at 60° C.                                          Alloy      % Nickel     Corrosion Rate                                         ______________________________________                                         40V        5.18         550 mg/dm.sup.2 day                                    KB  1      8.6          580 mg/dm.sup.2 /day                                   KB  3      14.3         100 mg/dm.sup.2 /day                                   KB 11      19.6          35 mg/dm.sup.2 /day                                   KB 12      23.9          20 mg/dm.sup.2 day                                    ______________________________________                                    

It will be seen however that it was necessary to increase the nickel content very considerably above 7% in order to achieve an appreciable reduction in the rate of corrosion in this sulphuric acid environment.

However, increasing the nickel content beyond 7% resulted in an appreciable reduction in the resistance to pitting corrosion.

Resistance to pitting has been determined by potentiostatic testing techniques in which the method consists of the use of a cell in which the steel being studied is the electrode and the electrolyte is the medium in which corrosion is to be investigated. A typical electrolyte is 3% sodium chloride solution at a temperature of 30° C. The applied potential is progressively increased at a rate of 10 milli-volts per minute until the current density shows a rapid increase. This indicates a breakdown in the passive film which protects the steel against corrosion. The magnitude of the potential at which this breakdown of the passive film occurs is an indication of the resistance of the steel to pitting corrosion.

The results of tests carried out on an alloy 40V, according to British patent specification No. 1,158,614 and having about 5% nickel, compared with a similar alloy KB 1, with the nickel content increased to 8.6% and another similar alloy KB 3, with the nickel content increased to 14.3%, are shown in FIG. 1. The alloys with higher nickel contents show a decrease in the potential at which corrosion commences.

An important characteristic of the alloys described in British patent specification No. 1,158,614 is the high mechanical strength combined with excellent ductility. Increasing the nickel content, to more than 7%, results in a second disadvantage namely progressive reduction in Proof Stress and Ultimate Tensile Strength and with the result that alloys containing 14% and 20% nickel are only marginally stronger than the austenitic stainless steels. Moreover, the higher nickel alloys do not respond to precipitation hardening.

These results are shown in Table II. Again, the composition of the alloys listed in Table II is shown in Table XII.

                  TABLE II                                                         ______________________________________                                                              0.5%     Ultimate                                                              Proof    Tensile                                                               Stress   Strength                                                                              %                                         Alloy   Condition    T/sq.in. T/sq.in.                                                                              Elongation                                ______________________________________                                         40 V    Annealed     34.0     51.0   30.0                                              Annealed + aged                                                                             42.0     62.0   25.0                                      KB  1   Annealed + aged                                                                             36.8     54.9   29.0                                      KB  3   Annealed     18.6     38.2   52.0                                              Annealed + aged                                                                             17.7     36.4   52.5                                      KB 11   Annealed     17.1     35.2   43.0                                              Annealed + aged                                                                             16.1     33.6   38.0                                      ______________________________________                                    

Thus, from the above, and considering that the increase in the nickel content to above 7% (in an alloy otherwise as claimed in specification No. 1,158,614 but with less than 26% chromium), it is apparent that while there is an increased resistance to corrosion in a non-oxidizing environment, it is also the case that:

(i) the increase in nickel has to be very substantial and possibly to as much as 14% to 20%;

(ii) the resultant alloy has reduced resistance to pitting corrosion in a chloride environment; and

(iii) the resultant alloy is of reduced mechanical strength as compared with an alloy otherwise similar but with a nickel content of less than 7% by weight.

All the alloys, so far described, contain about 24% to 26% chromium.

It has now been found that by increasing the chromium content to at least 26.5%, the increase in nickel content necessary to give the required improvement in the resistance to corrosion in 70% sulphuric acid at 60° C. is not so great and it will be seen from Tables III, VII, VIII and XI (see alloy E 21) that alloys containing at least 26.5% chromium require less than 14% nickel to achieve a negligible rate of corrosion. Moreover, as will be shown in Table V, and given that the chromium content is at least 26.5%, the nickel content may be as low as 7.4% whilst still retaining excellent mechanical properties.

                  TABLE III                                                        ______________________________________                                         70% H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 at 60° C.                                          Alloy   % Chromium  % Nickel    Corrosion Rate                                 ______________________________________                                         40 V    25.2        5.18        550 mg/dm.sup.2 /day                           KB 27   28.2        7.8         No loss                                        KB 28   27.5        9.2         No loss                                        ______________________________________                                    

The pitting potential of these high chromium and high nickel alloys in a solution of 3% sodium chloride at 30° C. has been determined and FIG. 2 shows a typical curve indicating the high pitting potential which is typical of these alloys.

The present invention, therefore, provides a highly corrosion resistant, high strength austenitic/ferritic steel consisting of:

    ______________________________________                                         Chromium       26.5% - 30% by weight                                           Nickel         7.4% - 14%  by weight                                           Molybdenum     2.0% -  5%  by weight                                           Copper         0.5% -  5%  by weight                                           Silicon        0.2% -  2%  by weight                                           Manganese      0.2% -  4%  by weight                                           Carbon         0.01% -  0.1%                                                                              by weight                                           Nitrogen       0.1% -  0.3%                                                                               by weight                                           Iron           Balance or remainder                                            ______________________________________                                    

The steel according to the present invention has a ferritic/austenitic microstructure consisting of 40% to 60% austenite grains in a ferrite matrix, the microstructure being substantially free of precipitated particles of other phases.

With chromium contents of at least 26.5%, a reduction of the copper content can be made without loss of resistance to corrosion and if the copper content is maintained below about 3%, some problems in castings can be reduced.

A maximum of 30% chromium is a practical upper limit, as if this figure is exceeded, problems of brittleness and difficulty of casting are likely to occur, particularly if the nickel content is not correspondingly high also.

Excessive nickel is not justified on an economic basis in any case and a maximum of 14% is a practical upper limit for nickel, as if this figure is exceeded, the strength of the alloy may be undesirably reduced, particularly if the chromium content is not correspondingly high also.

In all the alloys according to the invention, nitrogen is present and this is considered of particular importance in these alloys with such a high content of chromium.

In order to arrive at a preferred range of composition, selected alloys were subjected to corrosion tests in 70% sulphuric acid at 80° C.-- the solution being purged with nitrogen during the test to ensure that the conditions were non-oxidizing. The results shown in Table IV indicate the good corrosion resistance of alloys according to this invention as compared with alloys having lower chromium and nickel contents than those now specified.

                  TABLE IV                                                         ______________________________________                                         70% H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 at 80° C.                                          Alloy   % Chromium  % Nickel   Corrosion Rate                                  ______________________________________                                         40 V    25.2        5.18       1700  mg/dm.sup.2 day                           KB 33   27.1        6.0        1500  "                                         KB 50   28.0        4.96       1600  "                                         KB 179  25.87       10.66      800   "                                         KB 28   27.5        9.2        650   "                                         KB 41   29.8        9.2        600   "                                         KB 42   28.9        10.8       550   "                                         KB 188  28.2        10.5       500   "                                         KB 186  29.2        10.3       500   "                                         KB 175  28.0        9.90       600   "                                         ______________________________________                                    

It will also be noted from Table V that the increased chromium content of these high nickel alloys also results in an increase in strength as compared with the alloys and their properties listed in Table II, and these preferred alloys listed in Table V possess mechanical properties similar to those of the alloys according to British patent specification No. 1,158,614 and the alloys according to the invention also respond to precipitation hardening. This is achieved in the case of example KB 40, notwithstanding the nickel content is as low as 7.4%.

                  TABLE V                                                          ______________________________________                                                              0.5%     Ultimate                                                              Proof    Tensile                                                               Stress   Strength                                                                              %                                         Alloy   Condition    T/sq.in. T/sq.in.                                                                              Elongation                                ______________________________________                                         40 V    Annealed     34.0     51.0   30.0                                              Annealed + aged                                                                             42.0     62.0   25.0                                      KB 27   Annealed     43.0     54.8   27.0                                              Annealed + aged                                                                             49.0     66.5   24.0                                      KB 28   Annealed     38.2     53.7   30.0                                              Annealed + aged                                                                             39.9     62.5   27.0                                      KB 40   Annealed              58.9   24.0                                              Annealed + aged                                                                             56.3     70.0   17.0                                      KB 41   Annealed              57.0   26.5                                              Annealed + aged                                                                             50.0     67.2   24.0                                      ______________________________________                                    

The following Tables VI to X illustrate a further series of tests using the potentiostatic technique in order to determine the preferred range of composition for alloys according to the present invention.

In this technique, the test method consists of the use of an electrochemical cell in which the metal to be studied is the electrode and the medium in which we wish to study the interaction is the electrolyte. The potential for this interaction is measured by the use of a reference standard electrode. A saturated calomel electrode was used as standard for this series of experiments.

Electrolysis can be carried out with controlled potential and values of current density are plotted as a function of potential, the resultant potential-current relationship being known as the polarisation curve.

A typical polarization curve for stainless steels, where areas of corrosion and passivation are well defined, as shown in FIG. 3.

The current density is a measure of rate of corrosion both in the active and passive conditions.

In the series of experiments shown in Tables VI to X one set of samples were machined and then allowed to passivate in air for a minimum period of one week. Another set of samples were rendered active by imposing a negative potential giving rise to a negative or reducing current density of 1,000 μA for 30 seconds. This strongly reducing reaction destroys any oxide film that may have been formed on the sample and thus reducing the sample to its active state.

The series of experiments shown in Tables VI to X consisted of determining the active potential regions and active current densities by determining polarization curves. Activated and passivated samples were then immersed in the electrolyte and the free potential attained by the samples in a given electrolyte was monitored for a period of 20 hours. If the free potential attained is within the active region corrosion is likely to occur whereas if the free potential is above the active region passivation is likely which in turn will reduce corrosion rate by formation of a protective passive film.

The results of potentiostatic tests on active and passive samples shown in Table VII, VIII, IX and X clearly demonstrate that alloys according to this invention retain their passive condition or, alternatively, passivate more readily than 40V when the test is commenced on initially activated samples.

Experimental potentiostatic results were confirmed by conventional seven-day immersion tests, as shown in Table XI. In the last example of this test (Table XI) the specimen was surrounded by a neoprene O-ring to simulate a crevice formed at the surface of the sample.

                  TABLE VI                                                         ______________________________________                                         20-hour Potentiostatic Test Results                                            40% H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 at 40° C. Activated Samples                                         Active             Potential                                         Active    Current   Initial  after                                      Sample                                                                               Potential  Density   Potential                                                                               20 hours                                   ______________________________________                                               -270 to                                                                  40V   -240 m.V.  270 μA -260 m.V.                                                                               -220 m.V.                                        -250 to                                                                  E 7   -200 m.V.   80 μA -270 m.V.                                                                               +160 m.V.                                        -260 to                                                                  E 8   -200 m.V.   80 μA -280 m.V.                                                                               +170 m.V.                                  ______________________________________                                          Weight Loss                                                                    40V - 0.03 gms. - sample slowly passivating.                                   E 7, E 8 - negligible weight loss - samples passivated readily.          

                  TABLE VII                                                        ______________________________________                                         40% H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 at 60° C. Passivated Samples                                        Active             Potential                                         Active    Current   Initial  after                                      Sample                                                                               Potential  Density   Potential                                                                               20 hours                                   ______________________________________                                               -380 to                                                                  40V   -250 m.V.  1000 μA                                                                               -370 m.V.                                                                               -350 m.V.                                        -240 to                                                                  E21   -220 m.V.   120 μA                                                                               - 60 m.V.                                                                               +220 m.V.                                        -240 to                                                                  E22   -220 m.V.   110 μA                                                                               - 30 m.V.                                                                               +220 m.V.                                        -250 to                                                                  E 7   -220 m.V.   130 μA                                                                               - 60 m.V.                                                                               0 m.V.                                           -260 to                                                                  E23   -220 m.V.   150 μA                                                                               - 10 m.V.                                                                               +260 m.V.                                  ______________________________________                                          Weight Loss                                                                    40V - 0.33 gms. - sample went active directly on immersion.                    E21 - 0.005 gms. - passive film retained throughout test.                      E22 - 0.0004 gms. - passive film retained throughout test.                     E 7 - 0.0002 gms. - passive film retained throughout test.                     E23 - Nil - passive film retained throughout test.                       

                  TABLE VIII                                                       ______________________________________                                         40% H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 at 60° C. Activated samples                                         Active             Potential                                         Active    Current   Initial  after                                      Sample                                                                               Potential  Density   Potential                                                                               20 hours                                   ______________________________________                                               -380 to                                                                  40V   -250 m.V.  1000 μA                                                                               -370 m.V.                                                                               -380 m.V.                                        -240 to                                                                  E21   -220 m.V.   120 μA                                                                               -260 m.V.                                                                               -200 m.V.                                        -240 to                                                                  E22   -220 m.V.   110 μA                                                                               -240 m.V.                                                                               -210 m.V.                                        -250 to                                                                  E 7   -220 m.V.   130 μA                                                                               -240 m.V.                                                                               -200 m.V.                                        -260 to                                                                  E23   -220 m.V.   150 μA                                                                               -250 m.V.                                                                               -210 m.V.                                  ______________________________________                                          Weight Loss                                                                    40V - 0.76 gms. - sample remained active throughout test.                      E21 - 0.016 gms. - sample shows strong tendency to passivate.                  E22 - 0.02 gms. - sample shows strong tendency to passivate.                   E 7 - 0.016 gms. - sample shows strong tendency to passivate.                  E23 - Nil - sample shows strong tendency to passivate.                   

                  TABLE IX                                                         ______________________________________                                         40% H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 at 70° C. Passivated samples                                        Active             Potential                                         Active    Current   Initial  after                                      Sample                                                                               Potential  Density   Potential                                                                               20 hours                                   ______________________________________                                               -370 to                                                                  40V   -240 m.V.  5000 μA                                                                               -370 m.V.                                                                               -370 m.V.                                        -240 to                                                                  E18   -200 m.V.   400 μA                                                                               + 30 m.V.                                                                               +300 m.V.                                        -230 to                                                                  E19   -200 m.V.   300 μA                                                                               - 40 m.V.                                                                               +160 m.V.                                        -220 to                                                                  E20   -200 m.V.   175 μA                                                                               - 40 m.V.                                                                               + 60 m.V.                                  ______________________________________                                          Weight Loss                                                                    40V - 0.45 gms. - Sample went active directly on immersion.                    E18 - 0.0004 gms. - Passive film retained throughout test.                     E19 - 0.0002 gms. - Passive film retained throughout test.                     E20 - 0.0001 gms. - Passive film retained throughout test.               

                  TABLE X                                                          ______________________________________                                         40% H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 at 70° C. Activated samples                                         Active             Potential                                         Active    Current   Initial  after                                      Sample                                                                               Potential  Density   Potential                                                                               20 hours                                   ______________________________________                                               -370 to                                                                  40V   -240 m.V.  5000 μA                                                                               -330 m.V.                                                                               -340 m.V.                                        -240 to                                                                  E18   -200 m.V.   400 μA                                                                               -240 m.V.                                                                               -200 m.V.                                        -230 to                                                                  E19   -200 m.V.   300 μA                                                                               -230 m.V.                                                                               -200 m.V.                                        -220 to                                                                  E20   -200 m.V.   175 μA                                                                               -220 m.V.                                                                               -200 m.V.                                  ______________________________________                                          Weight Loss                                                                    40V - Sample remained active and almost completely dissolved.                  E18 - 0.08 gms. - Samples slowly passivating.                                  E19 - 0.03 gms. - Sample slowly passivating.                                   E20 - 0.03 gms. - Samples slowly passivating.                            

                  TABLE XI                                                         ______________________________________                                         IMMERSION TEST RESULTS                                                         40% H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 at 60° C.                                          Sample          Weight Loss                                                    ______________________________________                                         40V             1.5 gms.                                                       E21             No Corrosion                                                   E22             No Corrosion                                                   E23             No Corrosion                                                   E 7             No Corrosion                                                   40% H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 at 70° C.                                          Sample          Weight Loss                                                    ______________________________________                                         40V             10.3 gms.                                                      E18             No Corrosion                                                   E19             Negligible Corrosion                                           E20             No Corrosion                                                   E23             No Corrosion                                                   10% FeCl.sub.3 at 30° C.                                                (with neoprene `O` ring crevice)                                               Sample          Corrosion Rate                                                 ______________________________________                                         40V             1100 mg/dm.sup.2 /day                                          KB197            63 mg/dm.sup.2 /day                                           ______________________________________                                    

The chemical composition of all the alloys referred to above is given in the following Table XII.

                                      TABLE XII                                    __________________________________________________________________________                                       %                                            Alloy                                                                               % Cr                                                                               % Ni % Mo                                                                               % Cu                                                                               % C % Si                                                                               % Mn                                                                               N.sub.2 (nominal)                            __________________________________________________________________________     40 V KB 1 KB 3 KB 11 KB 12 KB 33 KB 50 KB179 *E 7 *E 8 *E 18 *E 19 *E 20       *E 21 *E 22 *E 23 *KB 27 *KB 28 *KB 40 *KB 41 *KB 42 *KB175 *KB186 *KB188      KB197                                                                               25.20 24.20 24.60 25.70 24.80 27.10 28.00 25.87 28.20 27.30 28.50              28.40 28.20 26.50 27.10 28.50 28.20 27.50 29.60 29.80 28.90 28.00              29.20 28.20 28.20                                                                  5.18 8.60 14.30 19.60 23.90 6.00 4.96 10.66 9.28 12.20 9.41 9.12                9.05 9.33 9.22 9.07 7.80 9.20 7.40 9.20 10.80 9.90 10.30 10.50                8.47 2.60 2.33 2.33 2.40 2.33 2.33 2.60 2.60 2.80 2.69 2.80 3.81                    .83 2.84 2.81 2.76 2.20 2.07 2.50 2.60 2.60 2.58 2.46 2.33                     2.46                                                                               3.15 3.40 3.29 3.50 3.18 3.29 3.22 3.20 1.28 1.25 1.28                         1.24 1.22 1.27 1.26 1.24 3.05 2.95 3.22 3.50 3.20 1.40                         3.20 2.80 2.80                                                                     .05 .07 .07 .08 .06 .07 .05 .06 .05 .05 .07 .07                                .065 .07 .07 .06 .06 .06 .06 .07 .06 .05 .06 .06                               .07 1.30 0.96 0.97 0.80 0.84 0.96 0.87 0.88 0.94                                   0.84  0.96 0.84 0.82 0.93 0.87 0.85 0.91 0.88                                  1.59 1.38 1.26 0.79 0.96 0.96 0.64                                                 0.92 1.15 1.30 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.26 1.12                                        0.91 0.80 0.94 0.90 0.88 0.98 0.92 0.87                                        1.27 1.21 1.36 1.09 1.38 0.92 0.92 1.12                                        0.83                                                                                ##STR1##                                    __________________________________________________________________________      *According to the invention                                               

We claim:
 1. A corrosion resistant high strength steel, which has a ferritic/austenitic microstructure consisting of 40% to 60% austenite grains embedded in a ferrite matrix being substantially free of precipitated particles of other phases, the steel consisting of the following elements in proportion by weight:

    ______________________________________                                         Chromium       26.5% - 30% by weight                                           Nickel         7.4% - 14%  by weight                                           Molybdenum     2.0% -  5%  by weight                                           Copper         0.5% -  5%  by weight                                           Silicon        0.2% -  2%  by weight                                           Manganese      0.2% -  4%  by weight                                           Carbon         0.01% -  0.1%                                                                              by weight                                           Nitrogen       0.1% -  0.3%                                                                               by weight                                           Iron           Balance or remainder                                            ______________________________________                                     